Gitar

Gitar adalah sebuah alat musik berdawai yang dimainkan dengan cara dipetik, umumnya menggunakan jari maupun plektrum. Gitar terbentuk atas sebuah bagian tubuh pokok dengan bagian leher yang padat sebagai tempat senar yang umumnya berjumlah enam didempetkan. Gitar secara tradisional dibentuk dari berbagai jenis kayu dengan senar yang terbuat dari nilon maupun baja. Beberapa gitar modern dibuat dari materialpolikarbonat. Secara umum, gitar terbagi atas 2 jenis: akustik dan elektrik.

Gitar akustik, dengan bagian badannya yang berlubang (hollow body), telah digunakan selama ribuan tahun. Terdapat tiga jenis utama gitar akustik modern: gitar akustik senar-nilon, gitar akustik senar-baja, dan gitar archtop. Gitar klasik umumnya dimainkan sebagai instrumen solo menggunakan teknik fingerpicking komprehensif.

Gitar elektrik, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1930an, bergantung pada penguat yang secara elektronik mampu memanipulasi bunyi gitar. Pada permulaan penggunaannya, gitar elektrik menggunakan badan berlubang (hollow body), namun kemudian penggunaan badan padat (solid body) dirasa lebih sesuai. Gitar elektrik terkenal luas sebagai instrumen utama pada berbagai genre musik seperti blues, country, reggae, jazz, metal, rock, dan berbagai bentuk musik pop.

SEJARAH GITAR

Kata ‘gitar’ atau guitar dalam bahasa Inggris, pada mulanya diambil dari nama alat musik petik kuno di wilayah Persia pada kira-kira tahun 1500 SM yang dikenal sebagai citar atau sehtar. Alat musik ini kemudian berkembang menjadi berbagai macam model gitar kuno yang dikenal dengan istilah umum tanbur. Pada tahun 300 SM Tanbur Persia dikembangkan oleh bangsa Yunani dan enam abad kemudian oleh bangsa Romawi (Bellow, 1970:54-55). Pada tahun 476M alat musik ini dibawa oleh bangsa Romawi ke Spanyol dan bertransformasi menjadi: (1) guitarra Morisca yang berfungsi sebagai pembawa melodi, dan (2) Guitarra Latina untuk memainkan akor. Tiga abad kemudian bangsa Arab membawa semacam gitar gambus dengan sebutan al ud ke Spanyol (Summerfield, 1982:12). Berdasarkan konstruksi al ud Arab dan kedua model gitar dari Romawi tersebut, bangsa Spanyol kemudian membuat alat musiknya sendiri yang disebut vihuela. Sebagai hasilnya, vihuela menjadi populer di Spanyol sementara alat-alat musik pendahulunya sedikit demi sedikit ditinggalkan. Walaupun demikian al ud dibawa orang ke negara-negara Eropa Barat dan menyaingi popularitas vihuela di Spanyol. Di Eropa al ud disambut dengan baik dan berkembang menjadi berbagai model lute Eropa hingga kira-kira akhir abad ke-17. Sementara itu vihuela berkembang terus menjadi berbagai macam gitar selama berabad-abad hingga akhirnya menjadi gitar klasik yang digunakan pada saat ini.

Keaslian gitar tidak dapat dilihat dari keantikannya. Beberapa ahli merasa alat ini berasal dari benua Afrika, dimana banyak replika modern dalam bentuk kotak bulat seperti kulit kerang dengan Gut / benang benang sutera, di banyak daerah benua itu. Ahli lain menemukan alat ini dalam bentuk kaca di relief relief batu tua di zaman Asia Tengah dan Asia Kuno. Bahan pemikiran lain juga timbul dengan ditemukannya vas vas Yunani Kuno yang bercorak. Greek Strings mungkin adalah alat pertama yang dikatagorikan sebagai gitar. Gitar modern kemungkinan berakar dari gitar Spanyol, tetapi berbagai jenis gitar seperti instrumen instrumen yang kita bisa saksikan dilukisan lukisan pada zaman Medieval dan Renaiassance yang banyak terdapat diseluruh Eropa

Tabel berikut menunjukkan titinada yang dilintasi keenam senar pada setem standart, dari fret nol (nut) hingga fret dua belas.

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
E	F	F♯	G	A♭	A	B♭	B	C	C♯	D	E♭	E
B	C	C♯	D	E♭	E	F	F♯	G	A♭	A	B♭	B
G	A♭	A	B♭	B	C	C♯	D	E♭	E	F	F♯	G
D	E♭	E	F	F♯	G	A♭	A	B♭	B	C	C♯	D
A	B♭	B	C	C♯	D	E♭	E	F	F♯	G	A♭	A
E	F	F♯	G	A♭	A	B♭	B	C	C♯	D	E♭	E

Gitar yang menggunakan setem standart dapat dengan mudah untuk disetem, dengan fakta bahwa nada pada fret kelima sama dengan nada pada senar terbuka (open string) sebelumnya; sebagai contoh, nada pada fret kelima pada senar keenam memiliki nada yang sama dengan senar terbuka kelima. Pengecualian pada hal ini terjadi antara senar kedua dan ketiga, dimana nada fret keempat pada senar ketigalah yang sama dengan senar terbuka kedua.

Setem standart telah banyak berkembang untuk menyediakan keselarasan antara pemosisian jari yang sederhana untuk chord umum dan kemampuan untuk memainkan scale umum dengan pergerakan jari seminimal mungkin. Uniknya, setem gitar memiliki pola pengulangan, dimana hal ini mempermudah dalam memainkan scale umum. Terdapat pula variasi dan pengembangan terhadap setem alternatif. Setem alternatif digunakan untuk dua alasan utama: kemudahan dalam bermain dan variasi nada yang dapat dihasilkan.

Banyak gitaris yang menggunakan sebuah variasi setem yang ditemukan berabad lalu, dimana senar terrendah 'diturunkan' satu nada penuh (whole tone). Dikenal sebagai setem "Drop-D" dimana urutan titinada senar terbukanya dari rendah ke tinggi adalah DAdgbe. Hal ini memungkinkan permainan bass dominan dan tonic senar terbuka dalam kunci D dan D-minor. Hal tersebut juga mempermudah dalam memainkan powerchords. Eddie Van Halen seringkali menggunakan sebuah alat yang ia patenkan yang bernama "D Tuna". Alat tersebut berupa tuas kecil yang terhubung ke fine tuner senar keenam pada tremolo Floyd Rose miliknya, yang membuatnya dapat menurunkan nada senar tersebut dari E ke D dengan mudah. Pada era modern, banyak grup rock kontemporer yang melakukan perubahan setem senar dengan penurunan beberapa semi-nada, menghasilkan setem "Drop-C" atau "Drop-B" sebagai contohnya. Bagaimanapun penggunaan istilah ini kurang konsisten. Terminologi "drop-D" selain digunakan untuk menggambarkan "drop-D" yang sebenarnya (dimana senar terakhir diturunkan 1 nada), istilah tersebut terkadang juga salah digunakan untuk menggambarkan setem "Standart" berbasis D yang sebenarnya dinamakan "D-Standard" (DGcfad').

Seperti halnya dengan instrumen berdawai lainnya, dimungkinkan menggunakan sejumlah besar scordatura pada gitar. Bentuk umum scordatura termasuk menurunkan setem senar ke-3 menjadi F♯ untuk meniru setem standart dari lute, terutama ketika memainkan lagu-lagu opera renaissance yang sebenarnya ditulis untuk lute.

CANON D

Canon Pachelbel, disebut juga Canon di D mayor atau Canon dan Gigue dengan tiga biola dan basso continuo (Kanon und Gigue für 3 Violinen mit Generalbaß, Canon per 3 Violini e basso di Italia, Canon i Giga en Re Major per a tres violins i baix continu di Katalan,Canon īhuān tematumalli nāuhmetica di Nahuatl, Kanon i Gigue na troje skryzpiec i basso continuo di Polandia) (PWC 37, T. 337, PC 338), adalah karya yang terkenal dari Johann Pachelbel. Awalnya dimainkan dengan tiga biola dan basso continuo dan digabungkan dengan Gigue dengan nada yang sama. Seperti karya-karya lain buatan Johann Pachelbel dan komponis sebelum tahun 1700, Canon terlupakan berabad-abad sampai ditemukan pada abad ke-20. Beberapa dekade setelah dipublikasikan pada tahun 1919, lagu ini menjadi sangat terkenal, dan sekarang sering dimainkan pada acara pernikahan dan disertakan pada kompilasi musik klasik, karya terkenal lainnya adalah Udara dalam senar G Mayor oleh Johann Sebastian Bach.

SEJARAH

Meskipun Pachelbel terkenal dengan lagu klasiknya,sebagian besar dari karya tersebut hilang. Hanya Musikalsche Ergötzung, sebuah koleksi dari partitas di diterbitkan Pachelbel seumur hidupnya, dikenal, dan beberapa potongan lagu terisolasi di naskah. Canon dan Gigue dengan tiga biola dan basso continuo adalah salah satu potongan tersebut. Sebuah naskah utuh salinan yang masih ada, Mus.MS 16481 terdapat di Perpustakaan Negara Berlin, yang mengandung dua lagu klasik; salinan yang lain, yang sebelumnya disimpan di Hoschule der Künste, telah hilang.^[1] Keadaan potongan komposisi tersebut masih belum diketahui. Salah satu penulis mengatakan bahwa Canon mungkin dibuat untuk pernikahan Johann Christoph Bach, pada 23 Oktober 1694, yang dihadiri Pachelbel. Musik pada acara ini dimainkan oleh Johann Ambrosius Bach, Pachelbel, dan lainnya.^[2] Johann Christoph Bach adalah mantan murid Pachelbel, dan merupakan saudara tertua dari Johann Sebastian Bach

Canon (tanpa Gigue) telah dipublikasikan pertama kali pada 1919 oleh pelajar Gustav Beckmann, orang yang memasukkan lagu ke artikelnya di "Pachelbel's Chamber Music". Penemuannya terinspirasi dan didukung oleh pelajar musik Max Seiffert, orang yang mempublikasikan aransemen Canon dan Gigue di serial Organumnya pada 1929. Namun, edisi tersebut mengandung sejumlah artikulasi dan dinamika yang tidak terdapat di lagu aslinya; selanjutnya, Seiffert menyediakan tempo yang dianggap tepat dengan potongan lagu yang asli, tapi tidak didukung penemuan-penemuan baru. Canon pertama kali dimainkan pada 1940 oleh Arthur Fiedler, dan potongan lagu tersebut pertama kali dimainkan dengan hebat diorkestra Jean-François Paillard

Pendapat saya : Mendengar ini,hati saya tidak tahu mengapa seperti sedang mendapatkan ketenangan batin,dan langsung teringat akan masa-masa lalu yg pernah saya lewati 

(ˆ▿ˆʃƪ)

Avril Lavigne

AVRIL LAVIGNE
In 2002 an eighteen-year-old Canadian newcomer named Avril Lavigne swept on to the U.S. music scene with her debut disc, Let Go. By the end of the year, three singles from the album, including "Complicated," broke into the top ten of the Billboard charts, and Let Go was the second best-selling CD of the year. Lavigne's music scored high with fans and critics, but so did her personal style, which consisted of wearing loose pants, tank tops, and neckties. As a result, she sparked a fashion trend and was heralded in the press as a "skater-punk," an alternative to pop princesses, like Britney Spears (1981–), whose look and videos had started to become increasingly more provocative. In May 2004 Lavigne released her second album, Under My Skin, which debuted at number one not only in the United States, but also in many other countries, including Germany, Spain, and Japan. By the end of 2005 Avrilmania was showing no signs of slowing—Lavigne was performing to sold-out crowds on an extended concert tour and in April she took home top honors at the Juno Awards, which are considered to be the Canadian equivalent of the U.S. Grammy Awards.

Not a girlie-girl

Avril Ramona Lavigne was born on September 27, 1984, in Belleville, a small city in the eastern part of the province of Ontario, Canada. The second of three children, her father, John, was a technician for Bell Canada; mother Judy was a stay-at-home mom. When Lavigne was five, the family moved to Napanee, a farming town even smaller than Belleville with a total population of only five thousand. From the time she was a toddler Lavigne idolized her older brother, Matt, and insisted on trying to do anything he could do. As she explained to Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly, "Ifhe played hockey, I had to play hockey. He played baseball, I wanted to." In fact, when Lavigne was ten she played in the Napanee boy's hockey league; she also became known as quite a baseball pitcher.
As she grew older Lavigne gained a reputation as a tomboy who preferred family outings like dirt biking or camping over dating. And in the tenth grade she discovered skateboarding, which became a particular passion. "I'm just not a girlie-girl," Lavigne laughingly told Willman. When not playing sports, however, she did pursue another interest—singing. The Lavignes were devout Christians and attended Evangel Temple in Napanee, where young Avril sang in the choir beginning at age ten. Soon she branched out and began singing at all types of venues, including county fairs, hockey games, and company parties. She primarily sang covers of songs made popular by

"Why should I care what other people think of me? I am who I am. And who I wanna be."

country singers Martina McBride (1966–) and Faith Hill (1967–). Lavigne's parents bought her a sound machine to sing along with, and she practiced in front of a mirror at home for hours.
In 1998, when she was fourteen years old, Lavigne's first manager, Cliff Fabri, discovered her singing at a small performance in a local bookstore. When talking to Willman, Fabri described the young girl as a "frizzy-haired waif." But he liked Lavigne's voice, and he was especially impressed by her confident attitude. That same year, such confidence helped her win a contest to sing a duet with fellow Canadian Shania Twain (1965–) at the jam-packed Corel Centre in Ottawa. Even though it was her first time performing in front of twenty thousand people, Lavigne was fearless. As she told Willman, "I thought, 'This is what I'm going to do with my life."'

Lavigne lets go

Two years later, when she was sixteen, Fabri arranged for Lavigne to audition for L.A. Reid, head of Arista Records in New York City. After a fifteen-minute tryout Reid signed Lavigne to an amazing two-record, $1.25 million contract. The sixteen year old immediately dropped out of high school to devote herselfto working on her first album. At first producers offered Lavigne new country tunes to sing, but after six months the team was unable to write any actual songs, and it became apparent that things were not clicking. Reid then sent the singer to Los Angeles to work with a team of producers and writers known as The Matrix. When Lavigne arrived in L.A. Matrix producer Lauren Christy asked Lavigne what style she had in mind. As Christy relayed to Chris Willman, Lavigne had responded, "I'm 16. I want to rock out." That same day Lavigne and Matrix writers penned the first song for her album, "Complicated."
Lavigne's debut album, Let Go, was released on June 4, 2002, and within six weeks it had gone platinum, meaning over a million copies were sold. The single "Complicated," which received a great deal of radio airplay, reached number one on the adult Billboard charts; "I'm With You" also reached number one on the adult charts; and the catchy pop tune "Sk8er Boi" was

With edgy lyrics and a strong voice, Avril Lavigne has become one of America's top-selling entertainers.

AP/ Wide World Photos.

a top-requested video on MTV and made it in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.
To promote the album Lavigne set out on a whirlwind publicity tour, making appearances on talk shows such as Late Night with David Letterman, and giving a series of concerts in Europe with her newly formed band, which was put together by her new management firm, Nettwerk. Most inexperienced singers are backed by seasoned musicians, but Nettwerk chose to go with young performers who were up and coming in the Canadian punk-rock scene. As Nettwerk manager Shauna Gold told Shanda Deziel of Maclean's, "[Lavigne] is young, her music's young, we needed a band that would fit well with who she is as a person."
And, after being away from her small-town home in Canada, Lavignewas beginning to form her own personal style. Initially publicists tried to market her like other teen pop stars, but Lavigne rebelled. "IfI was made up by the record label," she remarked to Lorraine Ali of Newsweek, "I'd have bleached-blonde hair and I'd probably be wearing a bra for a shirt." Instead, the singer-songwriter opted for a skater-punk look, which consisted of cut-off plaid pants, steel-toed Doc Martens, and tank tops worn with neckties. According to Ali, the five-foot-one tomboy "spawned a prepubescent army of Lavignettes" who snatched up her records and faithfully copied her outfits.

Finds independence with Under My Skin

By the end of 2002 Let Go had sold 4.9 million copies and was the second best-seller of the year just behind The Eminem Show. (By 2005 worldwide sales topped over fourteen million.) As 2003 progressed Lavigne continued to gather more fame and more accolades. She performed to sold-out crowds at her first North American concert tour; nabbed five Grammy nominations, including Song of the Year for "I'm With You"; and was named Best New Artist at the MTV Video Music Awards. In Canada Lavigne received six Juno nominations, winning four, including Best New Artist and Best Pop Album.
In the press Lavigne was deemed the leader of the pack of a new group of edgy, female singer-songwriters, which included Pink (1979–) and Michelle Branch (1983–). She also endured being called the "anti-Britney," referring to Britney Spears. In interviews Lavigne expressed her distaste for the label. "I don't like that term," she told Chris Willman. "It's stupid. She's a human being. God, leave her alone." But, in the same interview radio programmer Tom Poleman explained to Willman that Lavigne's popularity was partly thanks to her "anti-Britney" style. "Avril is much more the regular kid," Poleman commented. "For boys, she seems more attainable; girls can see themselves living more like her, dressing the same, being attracted to the same boys."
Despite her hectic schedule Lavigne returned to the studio in 2003 to record her second album, which she was determined to make her own way. Although Lavigne did write several of the songs on Let Go, she did so with the help of a slew of producers. This time she flew to Los Angeles to work privately with Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk (1973–); she also cowrote one song with guitarist Ben Moody (1980–) of the band Evanescence. Lavigne's record label, Arista, did not hear a single track until the newly independent singer was finished. "There was no way I was gonna write songs and send

Canadian Punk Rockers: Sum 41

In June 2005 Avril Lavigne became engaged to her boyfriend of a year, Deryck Whibley (1980–), the lead singer of Canadian punk-pop group called Sum 41, whose members are known for their quick, catchy rock tunes and their highly energized live performances.
Sum 41 is composed of four musicians: drummer Steve "Stevo" Jocz, lead vocalist Deryck "Bizzy D" Whibley, lead guitarist Dave "Brownsound" Baksh, and bass player Jason "Cone" McCaslin. All four attended the same high school in Ajax, Ontario, and all played in various high school bands that performed in and around Toronto. In 1996, during the summer of their junior year, Jocz and Whibley decided to join forces and form their own band; they called it Sum 41 since the group was founded on the forty-first day of summer vacation. Jocz and Whibley tried out a number of bass players and guitarists before asking Baksh and McClasin to join the band. By 1999 the group was cemented and they began to create a unique sound that borrowed from all kinds of music, including hiphop, heavy metal, and alternative rock.
By late 1999 the foursome had created their own press kit, which included a ten-minute video featuring some of their musical numbers interspersed with clips of the band mates pulling pranks. They sent the kit off to several major record labels, and within a week Sum 41 was signed by Island Records. The band's first album, Half Hour of Power (2000), attracted little attention, but with 2001's All Killer No Filler Sum 41 began to reach an international fan base, especially because of the hit single "Fat Lip," which reached number sixty-six on the U.S. Billboard charts. The band attracted a loyal fol-lowing (who called themselves the Bomb Squad) particularly because of their on-stage antics. During Sum 41's 2001 Tour of the Rising Sun they pogo-jumped, participated in mock guitar battles, and urged the audience to join in rock song challenges.
The band released two more albums by the mid-2000s: Does This Look Infected? (2002) and Chuck (2004). The 2004 CD is named after Chuck Pelletier, a United Nations peacekeeper who was instrumental in saving the lives of the band members while they were making a documentary in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; formerly Zaire). Since the late 1990s the Democratic Republic of Congo had been embroiled in the Second Congo War (1998–2002), a conflict that involved nine African nations, but that was centered in the DRC. Many artists from the United States and Canada have offered humanitarian aid to the citizens of the war-torn country. Although there is tentative peace in the DRC, military threats still exist for civilians. In April 2005 Chuck received the Rock Album of the Year prize at the Juno Awards, which are presented annually in Canada to honor achievement in the music industry.

Sum 41.

Scott Gries/Getty Images.

them to people to rewrite them like I did last time," Lavigne explained to Lorraine Ali. "I need to feel I'm doing this on my own."
Lavigne's second album, Under My Skin, was released on May 25, 2004, and debuted at number one on Billboard's U.S. album chart. It also sparked several popular singles, including "Don't Tell Me" and "My Happy Ending." Critics were consistently kind in their reviews, with Chuck Arnold of People applauding Lavigne for her "artistic independence" and praising her "rebellious spirit, racing rhythms, and tough-talking lyrics." Lorraine Ali pointed out that fans were seeing a more mature Lavigne, claiming her new songs "are rougher and darker" and her voice had lost some of its "girly high pitch." One song, in particular, received a good deal of attention—the emotional ballad "Slipped Away," which Lavigne wrote about the death of her grandfather.

Read more: Avril Lavigne Biography - life, family, children, parents, school, mother, young, old, information, born http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ge-La/Lavigne-Avril.html#ixzz1WTgrfy00